DMSO Alleviates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses in RAW264.7 Macrophages by Inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK Activation

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), an amphipathic molecule composed of one highly polar sulfinyl group and two nonpolar methyl groups, is considered excellent solvent due to its capability dissolve many compounds. Therefore, DMSO widely used solubilize drugs for therapeutic applications. reported possess anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidative capacities, the anti-inflammatory efficacy has been intensively studied in various cell lines animal models. An vitro model mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells used, among several experimental designs, evaluation during development new drugs. DMSO, which samples, also prone errors because properties. we systematically confirmed cytotoxic effects related signaling pathways cells. The results show that at 0.25% 1.5% did not result cellular toxicity, with comparable control where absent; concentrations 2.0%, however, it inhibited viability RAW264.7 (13.25%). demonstrate pretreatment profoundly attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated levels nitric oxide (NO) prostaglandin (PG)E2, as well pro-inflammatory cytokines, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein, inducible synthase (iNOS). Collectively, pretreatments appear notably alleviate LPS-induced damage by reducing phosphorylation p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated proteins (ERKs), nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB) addition NF-κB/p65 translocation. Taken together, clearly inflammatory response regulating activation MAPK NF-κB pathways. These contribute potentially or misjudgments when using